Arguments and Fallacies 知到智慧树答案2024 z5938
第一章 单元测试
1、Every argument has more than one premise.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
2、The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
3、To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
4、“33 + 66 = 99” is an argument.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
5、All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
6、Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
7、An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
8、When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
9、You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
10、All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
11、To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
12、An explanation answers a question about why something happened.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
13、Language is completely arbitrary.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
14、The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
15、“Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
16、An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects the argument’s premises.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
17、When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
18、A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
第二章 单元测试
1、The word “since” is always a premise marker.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
2、If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
3、Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
4、An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
5、The word “too” in “too small” introduces an evaluation.
A 对
B 错
答案 对
6、“If … then …” is an argument marker.
A 对
B 错
答案 错
7、A(n) _term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.
A G = guarding term
B A = assuring term
C D = discounting term
D E = evaluative term
答案 A = assuring term
8、A(n) _ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.
A A = assuring term
B G = guarding term
C D = discounting term
D E = evaluative term
答案 D = discounting term
9、A(n) _ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.
A A = assuring term
B G = guarding term
C D = discounting term
D E = evaluative term
答案 G = guarding term
10、A(n) _ term can be either positive or negative.
A A = assuring term
B G = guarding term
C D = discounting term
D E = evaluative term
答案 E = evaluative term
11、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 D = a discounting term
12、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 G = a guarding term
13、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 E+ = a positive evaluative term
14、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 A = an assuring term
15、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N= none of the above
答案 E+ = a positive evaluative term
16、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 C = a conclusion marker
17、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 G = a guarding term
18、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 N = none of the above
19、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 D = a discounting term
20、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 E- = a negative evaluative term
21、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb” … The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A P = a premise marker
B C = a conclusion marker
C A = an assuring term
D G = a guarding term
E D = a discounting term
F E+ = a positive evaluative term
G E- = a negative evaluative term
H N = none of the above
答案 P = a premise marker
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